Sabtu, 21 Februari 2009

A Big Snake Swim In The River In Kalimantan

Sabtu, 21 Februari 2009 0

BARU-BARU ini, muncul sebuah foto udara yang membuat heboh Malaysia. Seekor ular raksasa berenang di Sungai Baleh, Sibu, Serawak, bagian utara Kalimantan yang masuk wilayah Malaysia.

Sebuah foto ular raksasa terlihat berenang melenggak-lenggok di sebuah sungai tropis yang dikelilingi oleh hutan gambut. Ular berwarna hitam itu sangat besar, hampir memenuhi sungai yang terletak di tengah-tengah hutan rawa yang rimbun. Air beriak di kiri kanannya. Kabarnya, foto itu diambil dari sebuah helikopter, 11 Februari 2009 lalu.

Foto itulah yang menjadi perdebatan luas di Malaysia saat ini. Kalimantan memang memiliki ular-ular raksasa. Namun selama ini, ular yang besar yang baru ditemukan adalah sejenis sanca atau python atau masyarakat Kalimantan menyebutnya ular sawah, yang panjangnya belasan meter.

Namun ular yang terlihat di foto dan beredar luas di internet, termasuk Youtube, jauh lebih panjang dan besar dibanding temuan python selama ini. Diperkirakan panjangnya 100 kaki atau sekitar 33 meter.

Gambar tersebut diambil oleh anggota tim wilayah bencana banjir yang kemudian diterbitkan oleh Utusan Sarawak, sebuah koran lokal, pekan lalu. New Straits Times di Kuala Lumpur, juga memuat foto tersebut yang kemudian dirilis oleh The Telegraph, Inggris.

Ada juga yang tidak mempercayai foto itu dan menganggapnya rekayasa semata. Hal ini karena terlalu jauhnya pengambilan gambar ular tersebut. Benar atau tidak, foto itu sudah membuat masyarakat di sekitar Serawak, khususnya Sibu, ketakutan. Sebab, sungai itu merupakan urat nadi transportasi masyarakat selama ini.

Berdasarkan legenda yang hidup di masyarakat setempat, memang dipercaya tentang adanya anaconda di kawasan tersebut yang bernama Nabau. Menurut kepercayaan, Nabau merupakan ular dengan panjang 80 meter dengan kepala naga dan tujuh lubang hidung. Masyarakat desa yang tinggal di sungai Baleh Borneo mempercayai makhluk mistik tersebut. Selain itu, masyarakat memang sering melihat ular-ular besar di kawasan itu.

Nah, pertanyaannya, bila foto itu asli, apakah ular yang terlihat itu sejenis python atau anaconda? Hingga kini memang belum ditemukan adanya anaconda di Kalimantan, kecuali dalam film Anaconda: The Hunt For The Blood Orchid yang laris itu.

Rekor ular terpanjang saat ini memang anaconda (eunectes) dari Amazone. Anaconda merupakan keluarga boa. Panjang anaconda yang baru ditemukan adalah 50 kaki, namun para ilmuwan percaya ada anaconda yang panjangnya 80 kaki, bahkan 100 kaki dari temuan kulit ular tersebut oleh sebuah ekspedisi ilmuwan Inggris tahun 1992. Dalam keluarga anaconda, menurut situs lingkungan Mongabay, yang terbesar adalah anaconda hijau (Eunectes murinus). Panjangnya mencapai 43 meter.

Python Asia adalah ular terpanjang kedua. Ilmuwan menyebutnya Asiatic Reticulated Python (python reticulatus). Python terpanjang yang ditemukan di kawasan Kalimantan panjangnya 33 kaki, dan merupakan rekor dunia sanca terpanjang saat ini. Para ilmuwan percaya panjang python bisa mencapai 50 kaki atau sekitar 15 meter.

Bedanya, anaconda lebih langsing dan ahli berenang. Sementara python lebih gemuk dan hanya suka kelembaban, bukan di air. Anaconda menggigit mangsanya sampai mati sebelum menelan, sementara python menggunakan kekuatannya dengan membalut mangsa sampai tulang-belulangnya hancur atau tak bergerak lagi, kemudian ditelan bulat-bulat.

Awal Februari, para ilmuwan menemukan fosil ular seberat sebuah mobil kecil. Ular itu diperkirakan bisa melumat binatang seukuran sapi. Monster sepanjang 45 kaki bernama Titanoboa sangat besar dan hidup dengan memakan buaya dan kura-kura raksasa. Beratnya mencapai 1,25 ton. Ia biasa merayap di sekitar hutan-hutan tropis Amerika Selatan 60 tahun silam.

Source : Yahoo

HOSTORY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Although not normally thought of as biotechnology, agriculture clearly fits the broad definition of "using a biological system to make products" such that the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise. Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. The processes and methods of agriculture have been refined by other mechanical and biological sciences since its inception. Through early biotechnology, farmers were able to select the best suited and highest-yield crops to produce enough food to support a growing population. Other uses of biotechnology were required as crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain. Specific organisms and organism by-products were used to fertilize, restore nitrogen, and control pests. Throughout the use of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants--one of the first forms of biotechnology. Cultures such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India developed the process of brewing beer. It is still done by the same basic method of using malted grains (containing enzymes) to convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process the carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol. Ancient Indians also used the juices of the plant Ephedra vulgaris and used to call it Soma. Later other cultures produced the process of Lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteur’s work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form.

Combinations of plants and other organisms were used as medications in many early civilizations. Since as early as 200 BC, people began to use disabled or minute amounts of infectious agents to immunize themselves against infections. These and similar processes have been refined in modern medicine and have led to many developments such as antibiotics, vaccines, and other methods of fighting sickness.

In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum, to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I.

The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely begun on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically-modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty. Indian-born Ananda Chakrabarty, working for General Electric, had developed a bacterium (derived from the Pseudomonas genus) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills.

Revenue in the industry is expected to grow by 12.9% in 2008. Another factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation -- and enforcement -- worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products to cope with an ageing, and ailing, U.S. population.

Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans -- the main inputs into biofuels -- by developing genetically-modified seeds which are resistant to pests and drought. By boosting farm productivity, biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met.

Source : Google

Sabtu, 14 Februari 2009

Sabtu, 14 Februari 2009 0
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